Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness (221 page)

Calories,
266

Calyces, renal,
331
,
331
f

Campylobacter
food poisoning,
318

Canal of Schlemm,
191
f
,
192

Cancer
See
Malignant tumours

Candidiasis (thrush)

oral,
311

vaginal,
452

Canine teeth,
284
,
284
f
,
285
f

Capacitance vessels,
76

Capillaries,
8–9
,
75

exchange,
77–78

fluid dynamics,
78
,
78
f
,
118f

gas exchange,
77

increased permeability,
118–119

lymph,
78
,
129
,
129
f

Capitate,
397
,
398
f

Capsular ligament,
402

Capsule, joint,
402

Carbaminohaemoglobin,
252

Carbohydrates,
22–23
,
266
,
268

absorption,
305
t

digestion,
295
,
296
,
305
t

energy release,
307–308

functions of digestible,
268

metabolism,
301–302
,
307–308
,
310
f

Carbon dioxide (CO
₂
),
12

in acid–base balance,
22

in air,
250
t

capillary exchange,
77
,
77
f

exchange,
250–251
,
251
f

partial pressure (
P
CO
₂
),
250
t

production,
308

transport in blood,
57
,
252

Carbonic acid,
22
,
338

Carcinogenesis,
49

Carcinogens,
49

Carcinoma,
49

bronchial,
262

cervical,
453

endometrium,
454

renal cell,
348

salivary gland,
313

transitional cell,
349
See also
Adenocarcinoma
See also
Malignant tumours
See also
Squamous cell carcinoma

Carcinomatosis,
51

Cardiac arrest,
122
,
123

Cardiac arrhythmias,
119
,
121
,
122–123
,
122f

Cardiac cycle,
84–85
,
84
f
,
85
f

Cardiac failure
See
Heart failure

Cardiac muscle,
80
,
410

fibres,
80
f

tissue,
39–40
,
40
f

Cardiac output,
85–87
,
85
b

Cardiac reserve,
85

Cardiac sphincter,
288

Cardiac veins,
82

Cardinal ligaments,
442

Cardiogenic shock,
111

Cardiovascular centre (CVC),
83
,
88–90
,
153

Cardiovascular disorders, in diabetes mellitus,
228–229

Cardiovascular system,
73–126

autonomic control,
170

Caries, dental,
312

Carina,
240

Carotenes,
270
,
355

Carotid arteries,
95–96

Carotid bodies,
89–90
,
95
,
252
f
,
253

Carotid sheath,
95

Carotid sinuses,
88
,
95
,
166

Carpal bones,
397
,
398
f

Carpal tunnel,
406
,
407
f

Carpal tunnel syndrome,
424

Cartilage,
38
,
38
f

hyaline (articular),
38
,
38
f
,
381
,
401–402

model of bone development,
382–383

Cartilagenous joints,
401
,
401
f

Caruncle,
199
,
199
f

Catabolic reactions,
24–25

Catabolism,
12
,
305

Catalysts,
24

Cataract,
204–205

Catecholamines
See
Adrenaline
See also
Noradrenaline

Cations,
20

extracellular,
272

intracellular,
272

Cauda equina,
156
f
,
159

CD4+ cells,
376

Cell(s),
4
,
28–33
,
28
f

differentiation,
50

disorders,
49–51

division,
31
,
431–433

extensions,
30

membrane
See
Plasma membrane

specialised,
4
,
4
f

Cell cycle,
31
,
31
f

Cell-mediated immunity,
370

Cellulitis,
362

Cement, dental,
285
,
285
f

Central nervous system (CNS),
9
,
138
,
145–158

effects of poisons,
176

infections,
177–178
See also
Brain
See also
Spinal cord

Central retinal artery,
192

occlusion,
205

Central retinal vein,
192

occlusion,
205

Central sulcus,
148
,
150
f

Central veins, hepatic,
301
,
302
f

Centrilobular veins,
301

Centrioles,
30
,
31

Centrosome,
30

Cephalic vein,
93
f
,
99
,
99
f

Cerebellum,
149
f
,
154

control of posture and balance,
190
,
194

herniation,
173

Cerebral aqueduct,
147
,
147
f

Cerebral cortex,
148
,
149
f
,
150
f

functional areas,
150–152
,
150
f
,
152
f

functions,
150

Cerebral embolism,
121

Cerebral hemispheres,
148

Cerebral hypoxia,
172
,
174–175

Cerebral infarction,
115
,
173
,
175

Cerebral ischaemia,
173

Cerebral oedema,
172
,
173

post-traumatic,
174

Cerebral tracts,
148–149

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),
146
,
147–148

circulation,
147
,
147
f

functions,
148

leakage,
174

obstructed flow,
173

pressure,
147–148
,
466

Cerebrovascular disease,
175–176
See also
Stroke

Cerebrum,
148–152
,
149
f
,
150
f

lobes,
148
,
150
f

Cerumen,
186–187

Ceruminous glands,
186–187
,
356

Cervical carcinoma,
453

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN),
453

Cervical mucus,
445

Cervical nerves,
156
f
,
159

Cervical nodes,
130
,
130
f

Cervical plexus,
160–161
,
161
f

Cervical spine,
391
,
391
f

Cervix, uterine,
441
,
441
f