The French Way (58 page)

30
. Survey conducted by the Nouvelles littéraires publimétrie in October 1981, reported in Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip Hastings, eds.,
Index to International Public Opinion, 1981-1982
(N ew York: Survey Research Consultants International/Greenwood, 1983), 345.

31
. SOFRES/Le
Monde
, November 1984. Queried about whether they thought the United States “determined” French policies, 49 percent replied “in small part or not at all” for foreign policy, and 39 percent for economic policy.

32
. See Guy Sorman,
La Solution libérale
(Paris: Éditions Fayard, 1984); Guy Sorman,
The Conservative Revolution in America
, trans. Jane Kaplan (Chicago : Regnery, 1985); and Guy Sorman, “La voie libérale,”
Le Point
, 5 November 1984, 27-28.

33
. Sorman,
Conservative Revolution
, 196.

34
. Gilles Anquetil, “Reagan Yes, Reagan No!”
Le Nouvel Observateur
, 14 September 1984, 34.

35
. Guy Sorman, “Le nouveau libéralisme est arrivé,”
Le Monde
, 2 August 1983, 2.

36
. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at Eureka College,” 6 February 1984,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=39377&st=remarks+at+eureka+college&sti=#axzziGKWiQ400
.

37
. Philippe Lefournier, “Pourquoi Reagan a réussi,”
L'Expansion
, 19 November 1984, 53-63.

38
. Louis Pauwels, “La grande leçon que nous donnent Reagan et son équipe,”
Le Figaro Magazine
, 26 January 1985, 56-61.

39
. “Quatre ans de reaganisme,”
Libération
, 6 November 1984, 2.

40
. The bookstore tour and the Minc quote can be found in Gilles Anquetil, “La musette du parfait libéral,”
Le Nouvel Observateur
, 5 October 1984, 44; and Alain Minc, “L'enfant de la crise et de la puce,”
Le Nouvel Observateur
, 5 October 1984, 45.

41
. See, for example, Jérôme Dumoulin and Yves Guihannec, “Reagan: l'incroyable destin,”
L'Express
, 2-4 November 1984, 19-22.

42
. Lefournier, “Pourquoi Reagan,” 63.

43
. Sorman, “Le nouveau libéralisme est arrivé,” 2.

44
. Léo Sauvage,
Les Américains
(Paris: Bibliothèque Mazarine, 1983), 723-45.

45
. See, for example, Roger Priouret, “La petite différence,”
Le Nouvel Observateur
, 14 September 1984, 33; and Serge Christophe Kolm, cited in Anquetil, “Reagan Yes, Reagan No!” 33-34.

46
. Philippe Bloch, “Avoir 30 ans sous Reagan,”
L'Expansion
, 19 October-1 November 1984, 291.

47
. Dominik Barouch, “L'Etat de santé de l'économie américaine,”
Le Monde
, 15 August 1985, 16; Alain Lebaube, “Les oubliés de l'emploi,”
Le Monde
, 19 January 1988, 40.

48
. Nicole Bernheim,
Les Années Reagan
(Paris: Éditions Stock, 1984), 115-37, 193-95, 208-12, 228-30.

49
. Franz Olivier Giesbert and Jacques Mornand, “Pourriez-vous vivre à l'américaine?”
Le Nouvel Observateur
, 14 September 1984, 46-50.

50
. Bloch, “Avoir 30 ans,” 289; Barouch, “L'Etat de santé,” 16.

51
. SOFRES survey of November 1982, reported in Hastings and Hastings, eds.,
Index to International Public Opinion, 1983-1984
, 201.

52
. SOFRES polls, March 1984 and November 1985, reported in Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip Hastings, eds.,
Index to International Public Opinion, 1984-1985
(New York: Survey Research Consultants International/Greenwood, 1986), 232, and reported in Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip Hastings, eds.,
Index to International Public Opinion, 1985-1986
(N ew York: Survey Research Consultants International/Greenwood, 1987), 223. The trend in the ratio of good versus bad opinion versus no opinion of the United States' political role in the world was 30:51:19 in 1982; 40:30:22 in 1984; and 43:27:30 in 1985. This trend was confirmed in other polls: SOFRES/Le
Monde
, November 1984, and Gallup/French American Foundation, 1986. Ratings climbed further when the question asked was for a favorable/unfavorable rather than a good/bad distinction. By the late 1980s the favorable/unfavorable ratio in France was 69:23 which was comparable to that in both West Germany (79:14) and the United Kingdom (72:24). See Smith and Wertman,
U.S.West European Relations
, 99.

53
. This perception had improved only marginally since Jimmy Carter, from 69 percent to 79 percent; see SOFRES
/Le Monde
, November 1984.

54
. The question asked was for attitudes (good, bad, or no opinion) about U.S. policy in the world. In 1977 the responses were 46:24:30 and in 1984 they were 40:38:22. In the latter case it was RPR (65 percent) and UDF (51 percent) partisans who lent their approval. Data from SOFRES/Le
Monde
, November 1984.

55
. The reactions to Reagan's stance toward the USSR were: positive (34 percent), negative (31 percent), no response (35 percent). Source: SOFRES
/Le Monde
, November 1984.

56
. SOFRES/Le
Monde
, November 1984.

57
. Results of a
CBS/New York Times
poll are reported in E. J. Dionne, “Poll Finds Europeans Divided on U.S. Presidential Candidates,”
New York Times
, 31 October 1984, A21.

58
. The percentages were: Britain, 50; West Germany, 38; France, 24; see Dionne, “Poll Finds Europeans.”

59
. “Un grand-père de rêve,”
Le Monde
, 8 November 1984, 5.

60
. Michel Colomès, “Le nouveau défi américain,”
Le Point
, 5 November 1984, 26. Alain Besançon admired how Reagan had “put things in place” after the “tormented style ofJimmy Carter”; see Alain Besançon, “Reagan entre deux mandats,”
L'Express
, 9-15 November 1984, 30.

61
. Vernet, “Les Français préfèrent M. Reagan au ‘reaganisme.'”

62
. Only 28 percent wanted France to follow Reaganomics, as opposed to 41 percent who did not and 31 percent who offered no opinion. The minority who liked the American way came mainly from backers of the RPR (49 percent) and the UDF (35 percent). SOFRES,
Opinion publique, 1985
(Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 1986), 257, 262.

63
. Smith and Wertman,
U.S.-West European Relations
, 106.

64
. The percentages of “votes” Reagan received according to party supporters were: RPR, 62; UDF, 51; Socialist Party, 24; and Communist Party, 18. With respect to the desirability of his economic and social policies the distribution was: RPR, 49; UDF, 35; Socialists, 18; and Communists, 7. Favorable answers about the United States in the world were: RPR, 65; UDF, 51; Socialists, 28; and Communists, 18. Data from SOFRES/Le
Monde
, November 1984.

65
. “Les réactions françaises au triomphe de Reagan,”
Le Figaro
, 8 November 1984, 7.

66
. Serge Maffert, “Un test pour l'Amérique,”
Le Figaro
, 7 November 1984, 1.

67
. Backers of the RPR (66 percent) and the UDF (56 percent) answered in the affirmative compared to those associated with the Socialist Party (36 percent) and the Communist Party (31 percent). Data from SOFRES/Le
Monde
, November 1984.

68
. “Les réactions françaises au triomphe de Reagan.”

69
. Alain Berger, “Le Pen s'explique,”
Le Figaro Magazine
, 23 June 1984, 82-84.

70
. “Les réactions françaises au triomphe de Reagan.”

71
. Paul Fabra, “Les trois leçons de l'expérience Reagan,”
Le Monde
, i-3 November 1984, 1.

72
. SOFRES, January 1984, reported in Hastings and Hastings, eds.,
Index to International Public Opinion, 1984-1985
, 231-32.

73
. Diana Pinto, “Le socialisme et les intellectuels: le conflit caché,”
Le Débat
, January 1982, 5.

74
. Vivien A. Schmidt,
From State to Market? The Transformation of French Business and Government
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 106.

75
. Jean-Jacques Salomon,
Le Gaulois, le cow-boy, et le samouraï: la politique française de la technologie
(Éditions Economica, 1986).

76
. Laurent Fabius, quoted in Paul Lewis, “Man in the News: At 37, Captain of France: Laurent Fabius,”
New York Times
, 18 July 1984, A6.

77
. Schmidt,
From State to Market?
104.

78
. Giesbert and Mornand, “Pourriez-vous vivre à l'américaine?” 46.

79
. Henri de Kergorlay, “Mitterrand au paradis américain de la libre enterprise,”
Le Figaro
, 27 March 1984, 5; Michael Dobbs, “Mitterrand, Silicon Valley Figures Meet,”
Washington Post
, 27 March 1984, 27.

80
. Jean-Yves Lhomeau, “Le Président de la République a défendu sa politique économique devant les milieux d'affaires de New York,”
Le Monde
, 30 March 1984, 3; Henri de Kergorlay and Denis Legras, “Mitterrand aux Etats-Unis: un bilan mitigé,”
Le Figaro
, 29 March 1984, 3.

81
. The quotes in this paragraph are from François Mitterrand, “Mitterrand parle,” interview with Jean Boissonat,
L'Expansion
, 19 November 1984, 60-67.

82
. Jacques Fontaine, “Les Français ont viré leur cuti,”
L'Expansion
, 7-20 October 1983, 241-47; Jérôme Jaffré, “Le retournement de l'opinion,”
Le Monde
, i January 1984, 2.

83
. Fontaine, “Les Français,” 241.

84
. “M. Madelin,”
Le Monde
, 5 November 1985, 7.

85
. Édouard Balladur, quoted in Jean-Marie Colombani, “L'action avant la gestion,”
Le Monde
, 25 March 1986, 7.

86
. Suzanne Berger, “Liberalism Reborn: The New Liberal Synthesis in France,” in
Contemporary France
, ed. Jolyon Howorth and George Ross (London: Pinter, 1987), 84-108. My account relies heavily on Berger's presentation. A rather different analysis of this topic is in Vivien Schmidt,
From State to Market?
133-39. Examples of neoliberal treatises are Sorman,
La Solution libérale;
André Fourcans,
Pour un nouveau libéralisme
(Paris: Éditions Albin Michel, 1982); Henri Lepage,
Demain le libéralisme
(Paris: Librairie Générale Française, 1980).

87
. Berger, “Liberalism Reborn,” 100.

88
. Ipsos survey, reported as “Les Français satisfaits de la cohabitation,”
Le Monde
, 25 March 1986, 13.

89
. Poll conducted by
Le
Figaro-SOFRES, reported in “Entreprises: la liberté avant toute chose,”
Le Figaro
, 17 December 1985, 11.

90
. Jacques Chirac, quoted in Marie Guichoux, “Le premier minister sort de la crise et rentre au parlement,”
Libération
, 17 July 1986, 2; Jacques Chirac, quoted in Andrew Knapp,
Gaullism since de Gaulle
(Brookfield VT: Dartmouth Publishing, 1994), 228.

91
. Édouard Balladur,
Le Pouvoir ne se partage pas: conversations avec François Mitterrand
(Paris: Éditions Fayard, 2009), 33.

92
. Pierre Péan,
L'Inconnu de l'Elysée
(Paris: Éditions Fayard, 2007), 459.

93
. Alain Lebaube, “Aux Etats-Unis, l'emploi mobilise la communauté toute entière,”
Le Monde
, 23 January 1988, 23.

94
. Schmidt,
From State to Market?
157-63.

95
. Stanley Hoffmann, “The Odd Couple,”
New York Review of Books
, 25 September 1986, 71.

96
. Gérard Grunberg and Etienne Schweisguth, “Libéralisme culturel et libéralisme économique,” in
L'Electeur français en questions
, ed. Daniel Boy and Nonna Mayer (Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 1990), 50.

97
. Michel Rocard, “Ces ‘libertés' qui affament le monde,”
Le Nouvel Observateur
, 5 October 1984, 39-40.

98
. Laurent Fabius, “Qui a peur de l'économie mixte?”
Le Monde
, 28 February 1989, 1-2.

99
. Steve Bastow, “Front National Economic Policy: From Neo-Liberalism to Protectionism,”
Modern and Contemporary France
5, no. 1 (1997): 61-72.

100
. On the superiority of the Rhineland model over the ultra-liberal American alternative see Michel Albert,
Capitalisme contre capitalism
(Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1991), translated by Paul Haviland as
Capitalism vs. Capitalism
(New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1993).

101
. Anne-Marie Casteret,
L'Affaire du sang
(Paris: Éditions la Découverte, 1992), 98. Casteret was a physician-journalist who led the way in exposing the blood scandal. Other highly critical guides to this affair are Jean Sanitas,
Le Sang et le SIDA: une enquête critique sur l'affaire du sang contaminé et le scandale des transfusions sanguine
(Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan, 1994); Caroline Bettati,
Responsables et coupables: une affaire de sang
(Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1993); and Mark Hunter, “Blood Money,”
Discover
, August 1993,
http://discovermagazine.com/1993/aug/bloodmoney250
. A more balanced account is Olivier Beaud,
Le Sang contaminé: essai critique sur la criminalisation de la responsabilité des gouvernants
(Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1999). Beaud insists the cause of the affair was less individual misbehavior than it was organizational dysfunction.

102
. Casteret,
LAffaire
, 115; Beaud,
Le Sang contaminé
, 23®

103
. Rone Tempest, “Transfusions AIDS-Tainted: Doctors on Trial,”
Los Angeles Times
, 21 July 1992, 16.

104
. Casteret,
LAffaire
, 136.