The French Way (72 page)

Iran; hostage crisis; trade sanctions against

Iran-Contra Scandal

Iran-Libya Sanctions Act

Iraq: American unilateralism and; Operation Desert Fox; Operation Desert Storm

isolationism, American

Ivester, Douglas

Japan

Jeanneney, Jean-Marcel

Jobert, Michel

Jospin, Lioneli; economic and social policies; and linguistic defensei; national or cultural identity issues and; and Operation Desert Fox; technology initiative of

Joxe, Pierre

Julien, Claude

Julliard, Jacques

Juppé, Alain

Kahn, Jean-François

Kantor, Mickey

Kaspi, André

Kohl, Helmut

Konopnicki, Guy

Kosovo

Kristeva, Julia

Kroc, Ray.
See also
McDonald's labor: American businesses and labor code violations; economic liberalization and; trade unions

Lacorne, Denis

Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy

Lagardère, Jean-Luc

Lang, Jack: and awards to American artists; cinema industry and; critiques of policies; Cuba comments; and cultural imperialism as political issue; and defense of cultural diversity; and economics of cultural trade; Mexico City UNESCO speech; Television without Frontiers directive;
tiers-mondisme
and

language: anti-Americanism and; English and globalization; English as “official” language at Euro Disney; English as second language in France;

Franglais; initiatives to protect; and national identity; Toubon Law

Lefournier, Philippe

Léotard, François

Le Pen, Jean-Marie

Levitte, Jean-David

Lévy, Bernard-Henri

liberalism, economic/free market; Balladur and; Chirac and; Fabius and; and income inequality (
See also
poverty); Madelin and Mitterrand's socialism and privatization and Reaganomics and; RPR (Gaullists) and; as threat to republican solidarity; UDF and

Libya; trade sanctions against

Lyotard, Jean-François

Maastricht Treaty

Madelin, Alain

malaise, French

Mamère, Noël

Marchais, Georges

Mauroy, Pierre

McDonald's: adaptations to French market; as American symbol; business innovations; customer demographics; effects on eating habits; expansion of; franchise system; French competitors; French farmers and; German franchises; labor practices; “made in France” advertising campaign; McJobs; protests against; as threat to French food culture

medical research, rivalry over

Memmi, Albert

Messier, Jean-Marie

Messmer, Pierre

Meunier, Sophie

Middle East: French relationship with Arab world; Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
See also specific nations
Millon, Charles

Milosevic, Slobodan

Minc, Alain

Mintel

Mitterrand, François: and the American economy; Atlantic Alliance and; attitude toward America and Americans; “cohabitation” (power sharing) with Chirac; economic policies of; and George H. W. Bush; as ineffectual; political career of; on Reagan; Reagan and; and Silicon valley; State visit to US; unemployment as focus of.
See also
Bosnia; Euromissiles; Iraq “mixed” economy

Mnouchkine, Ariane

Moati, Serge

modernity: America and; as American cultural context; anti-Americanism and rejection of; and cultural change; French “path” to

Moïsi, Dominique

Monnet, Jean

Montagnier, Luc

Morin, Edgar

Morin, François

Mouvement des Entreprises de France (MEDEF)

multiculturalism

multilateralism and multipolarity, French pursuit of

music industry

National Front party

nationalization of companies

NATO: American unilateralism and; Chirac offer to rejoin; CSCE as alternative to; “decoupling” and; Eastern Europe and; and ESDP; French opinion and; Germany as part of; Mitterrand and; and post-Cold War restructuring; Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR); WEU as security alternative to; Yugoslavia and

neoconservatism in US

“new realism,”

New Right (
Nouvelle Droite
)

Nicaragua: conflict over US anti-Sand-inista policy

Nixon, Richard

Nora, Pierre

nuclear weapons: Apollon project; “decoupling” and; “double zero” option; “dual track” strategy; French nuclear capability; Iraq's development of “weapons of mass destruction,” 256; mulitlateralism and; Pershing and cruise missile deployment in Europe (
See also
Euromissiles); Reagan and disarmament; Reagan and SDI proposal; Reagan's “global security” agenda; strategic deterrence; Test Ban Treaty

oil.
See
energy opinion, American perceptions of the French

opinion, French perceptions of America; age demographics and; cultural imports and; as cultural nullity; descriptive terms as barometer of; as different from Western European; as domineering; elite
vs.
public; gender and; global leadership; as indifferent; media as influence on; as motivated by self-interest; political affiliation and; of popular culture; social policies; stereotypes and; surveys as source of; values differences and

Orangina

Ory, Pascal

Parti Communiste Français (PCF)

Pasqua, Charles

Pauwels, Louis

Peer, Shanny

pensions

PepsiCo

Pernod-Ricard bottling company

Petersburg Declaration

Peyrefitte, Alain

Pinto, Diana

pipeline.
See
Soviet Union (USSR)

Pivot, Bernard

Plan Juppé

Plantier, Daniel Toscan du

Poirot-Delpech, Bertrand

Poland

Pompidou, Georges

poverty

privatization

productivity rates

protectionism: “Fortress Europe” and the EC as trading partners

Quilès, Paul

radio

Rapid Reaction Force

Rassemblement pour la République (RPR); defense policy and

Reagan, Ronald: anti-communism of; conservatism and;
détente
abandoned by; economic policies of (
See
Reaganomics); election and reelection of; French opinions of; Iran-Contra Scandal; Mitterrand and; Mitterrand on; SDI proposal

Reaganomics: and French economic liberals; French rejection of; Mitterrand's economic policies contrasted with; social welfare

Regan, Donald

religion: American religiosity; cartoons about American pop culture as competition; Catholic Church and French identity; Islamic fundamentalism; Muslim immigration and assimilation

republican solidarity: benefits of; deficiencies of; French defense of

Reston, James

Revel, Jean-François

Reykjavik Summit (1986)

rivalry (international) between France and US

Rocard, Michel

Roger, Phillipe

Roux, Jacques

Rupnik, Jacques

Saddam Hussein

Saint-Malo declaration

sanctions, trade

Sandinista government (Nicaragua)

Sarkozy, Nicolas

Sartre, Jean-Paul

Sauvage, Léo

Scarpetta, Guy

Schmidt, Helmut

Schultz, George

Scowcroft, Brent

SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative)

security.
See
defense Séguin, Phillipe

Seillière, Ernest-Antoine

Servan-Schrieber, Jean-Jacques

Seydoux, Nicolas

Shalikashvili, John

Silicon Valley

Single European Act (SEA)

Slama, Alain-Gérard

Socialist Party: American culture and; anti-Americanism andml; Atlantic alliance and defense; and GATT; and Gulf War; and the market economy; and Reagan; rupture with capitalism and the mixed economy.
See also party leaders, e.g.
, Chevènement, Jean-Pierre; Fabius, Laurent; Jospin, Lionel; Mitterrand, François. Sokolov, Raymond

solidarity, social.
See
republican solidarity Sollers, Philippe

Solzhenitsyn, Alexsandr

Sorman, Guy

Soviet Union (USSR): collapse of;
détente
with; and domination of Eastern Europe; Euro-Soviet pipeline; grain embargo; Gulag effect and French opinion of; invasion of Afghanistan

SS-20s “Euromissiles,”

stagnation, economic “Starwars” (Strategic Defense Initiative)

stereotypes: of American products; of Americans

stock options

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Strauss-Kahn, Dominique

subsidies; for agriculture; for audiovisual sector

Suffert, Georges

superpower(s): America as; EU as potential; and French autonomy; French opinion of; and “new realism,”; USSR as (
See also
Gorbachev, Mikhail).
See also
hyperpower, America as

Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)

Tasca, Catherine

Tavernier, Bertrand

Tchuruk, Serge

technology.
See
information technology television: Bas-Lauriol Act and language requirements; as cultural threat;
Dallas
and the French audience; French as consumers of American; as information source; privatization of stations; quota system for imports; taxes levied on; technological advances and

Television without Frontiers directive

terrorism

Thatcher, Margaret: and defense strategy; economic policies of; German reunification and; popularity in France; and Reagan's strike against Libya; trade policies

theme parks.
See
Euro Disney Thibau, Jacques
tiers-mondisme:
Lang's cultural policy and; and support for Sandinista government
tiers-mondisme de droite

Toinet, Marie-France

Toubon, Jacques

Toubon Law

Tournier, Michel

trade: American access to European markets; American self-interest and free trade principles; Fortress Europe; Franco-American bilateral; French concerns about US trade and globalization; import/export and French GDP; Iran-Libya Sanctions Act; Single European Act (SEA) and; trade sanctions.
See also
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT);
specific sectors
(agriculture; audiovisual industries;
etc.
) trade unions

transatlantic community: common values and; continental drift and the French Way (
See also
Americanization; investment; NATO; trade) triumphalism, American

UDF.
See
Union pour la Démocratie Française (UDF) unemployment: as chronic and endemic in France; and dollar exchange rate; and French policies toward; and French response to US policies toward; McJobs and; multinationals (American) as employers; rates in America
vs.
France

unilateralism, American: French responses to; and trade sanctions.
See also
Iraq; Yugoslavia Union pour la Démocratie Française (UDF); and anti-Americanismnii; economic liberalism and; reaction to American financial policy; security policy and

United Kingdom (UK).
See
Great Britain United Nations: and American unilateralism; French reliance on; and multilateralism; reappointment of Boutros-Ghali as secretary general; UNPROFOR and security in Yugoslavia

Uruguay Round, GATT negotiations

USSR. See Soviet Union (USSR)

values: and American commercial enterprises in France; American
vs.
French or European; common values as foundation for alliances; French national identity and; republican solidarity as French

Vargas-Llosa, Mario

Védrine, Hubert

Vidal-Naquet, Pierre

Waechter, Antoine

Walters, Vernon

Wanniski, Jude

Warsaw Pact

welfare state: benefits of French; deficiencies and economic costs; French reform efforts; public expen-World Trade Organization (WTO), ditures as percent of GDP

Western European Union (WEU): Chirac and revitalization of; as security alternative to NATO

Wieviorka, Michel

Williamsburg Summit

wine

Winock, Michel

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Wylie, Laurence

Yugoslavia; French military involvement in; NATO intrusion into; UNPROFOR and security in

Zoellick, Robert