The French Way (66 page)

45
. Philip Gordon,
French Security Policy after the Cold War
(Santa Monica, CA: RAND Arroyo Center, 1992), 14-17.

46
. Roland Dumas, quoted in “M. Dumas prône la cohésion des douze face à la crise yougoslave,”
Le Monde
, 6-7 October 1991, 5.

47
. Mary Elise Sarotte,
1989 and the Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 175.

48
. Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice,
Germany Unified and Europe Transformed
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 466.

49
. Robert Hutchings,
American Diplomacy and the End of the Cold War
(Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997), 136.

50
. For post-1989 security policy, see Pascal Boniface, “Révolution stratégique mondiale, continuité et inflexions de la politique française de sécurité,” in
Mitterrand et la sortie de la guerre froide
, ed. Samy Cohen (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1998), 157-85; Philip Gordon,
A Certain Idea of France
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); and Gordon,
French Security Policy after the Cold War.

51
. François Mitterrand, quoted in Favier and Martin-Rolland,
La Décennie Mitterrand
, 4:201-2.

52
. Pierre Joxe, quoted in Paul Gallis,
France and the United States: New Tensions in an Old Partnership
, Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, CRS Report for Congress, 9 June 1993, 21.

53
. Mark Eyskens, quoted in Craig Whitney, “Gulf Fighting Shatters Europeans' Fragile Unity,”
New York Times
, 25 January 1991, A11.

54
. Jacques Delors, “European Integration and Security,” Alastair Buchan Memorial Lecture, 7 March 1991,
Survival
33, no. 2 (1991): 107-9.

55
. Gallis,
France and the United States
, 21.

56
. Gallis,
France: Current Foreign Policy Issues
, 3. Brent Scowcroft sought reassurances from Védrine that the WEU/EC scheme would not “diverge from NATO even in the long run”; Favier and Martin-Rolland,
La Décennie Mitterrand
, 4:206.

57
. Patrick Tyler, “U.S. Strategy Plan Calls for Insuring No Rivals Develop,”
New York Times
, 8 March 1992, 14.

58
. Raymond Seitz, quoted in Bozo,
Mitterrand
, 336-37.

59
. Bozo,
Mitterrand
, 344.

60
. George H. W. Bush, quoted in Hutchings,
American Diplomacy
, 281.

61
. François Mitterrand, quoted in Bozo,
Mitterrand
, 346.

62
. Holly Wyatt-Walter,
The European Community and the Security Dilemma, 1979-92
(New York: St. Martin's, 1997), 227.

63
. François Mitterrand to Helmut Kohl, July 1991, quoted in Bozo,
Mitterrand
, 32.1.

64
. Unidentified American diplomat, quoted in Wyatt-Walter,
European Community
, 200.

65
. James Baker, quoted in Cohen, “U.S.-French Relations Turn Icy.” In his memoirs Baker recalled that French obstructionism within NATO incited him to complain to Dumas, “With no other country except France do we have this….Nowhere else in Europe do we feel that we have to deal with such antipathy”; see Baker,
Politics of Diplomacy
, 170.

66
. Gallis,
France and the United States
, 27.

67
. Robert Hutchings, quoted in Samuel Wells, “From Euromissiles to Maastricht: the Policies of Reagan-Bush and Mitterrand,” in
The Strategic Triangle: France, Germany, and the United States in the Shaping of the New Europe
, ed. Helga Haftendorn, Georges-Henri Soutou, Stephen Szabo, and Samuel Wells (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2006), 301.

68
. Robert Grant, “France's New Relationship with NATO,”
Survival
38 (1996): 58-80.

69
. Michel Rocard, “Europe's Drive to Union is Irreversible,”
International Herald Tribune
, 28 July 1992, 8.

70
. Jacques Chirac, quoted in Grant, “France's New Relationship,” 63.

71
. Alain Juppé, “Quel horizon pour la politique étrangère de la France?”
Politique étrangère
50 (1995): 251.

72
. Jacques Chirac,
Mémoires: chaque pas doit être un but
, vol. 1 (Paris NiL Éditions, 2009), 47-54.

73
. Bill Clinton,
My Life
(New York: Knopf, 2004), 656.

74
. Pamela Harriman, quoted in Delafon and Sancton,
Dear Jacques
, 88.

75
. Jacques Chirac, “Discours de M. Jacques Chirac, Président de la République, devant le Congrès des Etats-Unis d'Amérique, 1 February 1996,”
http://www.elysee.fr/français
archives.

76
. Alain Frachon and Laurent Zecchini, “M. Chirac appelle Washington…,”
Le Monde
, 3 February 1996, 2.

77
. Four well-informed sources for the topic of NATO reform are: Bozo, “France,” 39-80; Delafon and Sancton,
Dear Jacques
, 200ff; Brenner and Parmentier,
Reconcilable Differences
, 38-62; and Gallis,
France: Current Foreign Policy Issues.

78
. Gallis,
France: Current Foreign Policy Issues
, 7.

79
. Jean-Claude Casanova, “Dissuasion concertée,”
L'Express
, 28 September 1995, 26.

80
. Delafon and Sancton,
Dear Jacques
, 139.

81
. Brenner and Parmentier,
Reconcilable Differences
, 51.

82
. John Kornblum, quoted in Delafon and Sancton,
Dear Jacques
, 157.

83
. Bill Clinton, quoted in Jacques Amalric, “OTAN: comment Washington a coulé Paris,”
Libération
, 27 February 1997, 9.

84
. Pierre Messmer, quoted in Hubert Coudurier,
Le Monde selon Chirac
(Paris: Éditions Calmann-Lévy, 1998), 272.

85
. William Drozdiak, “French Snub NATO Tribute to Christopher,”
Washington Post
, 12 December 1996, A45.

86
. NATO sources, quoted in “Paris Rift with U.S. Poisons Hopes for a Slimmer NATO,”
Times
(London), 10 December 1996, 13.

87
. Brenner and Parmentier,
Reconcilable Differences
, 53, points out a split between the French military, who thought they had a right to the southern command, and the Elysée, Quai d'Orsay, and civilian defense officials, who were more open to alternatives about Europeanizing this post.

88
. Delafon and Sancton,
Dear Jacques
, 279.

89
. Madeleine Albright, quoted in Petras and Morley, “Contesting Hegemonies,” 57.

90
. Pascal Boniface, “The NATO Debate in France,” 7 October 1997,
http://www.nato.int/acad/conf/enlarg97/boniface.htm
.

91
. Chirac's admission and quotes in this paragraph are from Delafon and Sancton,
Dear Jacques
, 305-6.

92
. This is the assessment of Brenner and Parmentier,
Reconcilable Differences
, 61.

93
. Anand Menon,
France, NATO and the Limits of Independence, 1981-1997
(New York: St. Martin's, 2000), 53-54. For specifics on the CJTF approach see Hans-Georg Ehrhart, “Change by Rapprochement?” in
The France-U.S. Leadership Race
, ed. David Haglund (Kingston, ON: Queen's Quarterly, 2000), 72-77.

94
. Paul Quilès, “OTAN: la dérive,”
Le Monde
, 11 June 1996, 14.

95
. Pascal Boniface, “Un triomphe américain en trompe-l'œil,”
Le Monde
, 10 July 1997, 14.

96
. Jean-Yves Haine, “ESDP: An Overview,” European Union Institute for Security Studies,
http://www.iss-eu.org/esdp
.

97
. See Franco-British Summit,
Joint Declaration On European Defense
,
http://www.atlanticcommunity.org/Saint-Malo%20Declaration%20Text.html
.

98
. Peter Schmidt, “Where's the Boeuf? Policy, Rhetoric and Reality in the EU's Decisions to Develop a Common Security and Defence Policy,” in Haglund, ed.,
France-U.S. Leadership Race
, 125-41; Frédéric Bozo, “The U.S. Changing Role and Europe's Transatlantic Dilemmas,” in
Just Another Major Crisis? The United States and Europe since 2000
, ed. Geir Lundestad (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 102-3.

99
. See Cologne European Council,
Presidency Conclusions
,
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/Cologne%20European%20Council-Presidency%20conclusions.pdf
.

100
. By “decoupling,” Madeleine Albright meant that “European decision-making is not unhooked” from NATO; by “duplication” she referred to replicating force planning, and procurement decisions, and finally she wanted to avoid “discrimination against NATO members who were not EU members”; Madeleine Albright, “The Right Balance Will Secure NATO's Future,”
Financial Times
, 7 December 1998, 22. See also Jolyon Howorth and John Keeler, “The EU, NATO, and the Quest for European Autonomy,” in
Defending Europe: The EU, NATO and the Quest for European Autonomy
, ed. Jolyon Howorth and John Keeler (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 3-21.

101
. Paul Gallis,
France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.-French Relations
, Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, CRS Report for Congress, 4 February 2005, 13.

102
. Hubert Védrine, quoted in Craig Whitney, “NATO at 50,”
New York Times
, 15 February 1999, A7.

103
. Hubert Védrine with Dominique Moïsi,
France in an Age of Globalization
, trans. Philip Gordon (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001), 57.

104
. Frédéric Bozo, “France and NATO under Sarkozy: End of the French Exception?” Working Paper, Fondation pour l'innovation politique, March 2008, 8-9.

105
. Nicolas Sarkozy, quoted in “France Rejoins NATO's Integrated Command Structure,”
News from France
, 23 April 2009, 4.

106
. Hutchings,
American Diplomacy
, 161.

107
. George H. W. Bush, quoted in Wells, “From Euromissiles to Maastricht,” 303.

108
. For the views of Bush advisers, see Kevin Featherstone and Roy H. Ginsberg,
The United States and the European Union in the 1990s
(New York: St. Martin's, 1996), 89-90.

109
. Hutchings,
American Diplomacy
, 161.

110
. George H. W. Bush, “Remarks at a Luncheon Hosted by Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers of the Netherlands in the Hague,” 9 November 1991, Administration of George Bush, Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, 1428.

111
. Alan Riding, “French Farms Gird for War against U.S.,”
New York Times
, 11 November 1992, A11.

112
. Pierre Bérégovoy, “L'Amérique, l'Europe, la France,”
Le Monde
, 6 January 1993, 8.

113
. Elisabeth Guigou, quoted in Gallis,
France and the United States
, 13-14.

114
. Pierre Bérégovoy, quoted in William Drozdiak, “France Threatens Global Trade Pact,”
Washington Post
, 26 November 1992, Ai. Legally France could only veto the entire GATT package, not the farm deal, but a veto of Blair House seemed plausible to other EU members.

115
. Jacques Chirac, quoted in “Les réactions politiques,”
Le Monde
, 24 November 1992, 8.

116
. Alan Riding, “Europeans Agree with U.S. on Cutting Farm Subsidies,”
New York Times
, 21 November 1992, 1, 36. Craig Whitney, “Kohl Silently Avoiding a Conflict with Mitterrand on Trade Accord,”
New York Times
, 24 November 1992, A6.

117
.
Le Monde
warned against such a drastic step because it would delight the British and upset the Germans; see Thierry Bréhier, “L'opposition pousse le gouvernement…,”
Le Monde
, 20 November 1992, 1, 8.

118
. Sophie Meunier,
Trading Voices: The European Union in International Commercial Negotiations
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 109-24.

119
. Alain Juppé, quoted in Christian Leblond, “Le dossier agricole dans la phase finale de l'Uruguay Round, 1991-1993: un affrontement franco-américain?” in
Les Relations franco-américaines au XXe siècle
, ed. Pierre Mélandri and Serge Ricard (Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan, 2003), 223.

120
. Alain Juppé, quoted in Andrew Hill, “Paris to Seek Fresh EC-U.S. Farm Deal,”
Financial Times
, 6 April 1993, 5.

121
. Anonymous farmer, quoted in Alan Riding, “Pitching GATT's Pluses to a Reluctant France,”
New York Times
, 4 December 1993, 49.

122
. Gerry van der Kamp-Alons, “Anti-Americanism in French Preference Formation on Trade Liberalization” (unpublished paper, Radboud University Nijmegen, 2010).

123
. Poll conducted for
Le Point
, November 1992, reported in “French Farmers Reject EC-U.S. Farm Trade Deal,”
News from France
, 4 December 1992.

124
. Michel Noblecourt, “Le gouvernement continue de s'opposer à un accord agricole sur le GATT,''
Le Monde
, 19 November 1992, 1, 21.

125
. Christian Jacob, quoted in Leblond, “Le dossier agricole,” 221-22.

126
. Craig Whitney, “Germans Whisper Softly in Trade Rivals' Ears,”
New York Times
, 14 December 1993, D7.

127
. Roger Cohen, “Yielding, French Accept Farm Pact,”
New York Times
, 9 June 1993 Di.

128
. Alan Riding, “Months of Risk, Moments of Isolation, Now Boasts of Triumph,”
New York Times
, 15 December 1993, D19. The last-minute deal between the EU and the United States granted concessions to European, especially French, grain and food exporters by delaying cuts in subsidized export agreed to at Blair House for the next six years. In exchange the United States won steep tariff cuts in a variety of food products opening the way for American exports; Riding, “Pitching GATT's Pluses to a Reluctant France.”