After Tamerlane (86 page)

71
. D. Lake,
Entangling Relations: American Foreign Policy in its Century
(Princeton, 1999), p. 102.

72
. For this analysis, ibid., p. 193.

73
. Without control of the rest of Micronesia, Guam's value was nullified. See W. Price,
Japan's Islands of Mystery
(London, 1944), pp. 46–54.

74
. See G. Lundestad,
The American ‘Empire'
(London, 1990).

75
. H. van der Wee,
Prosperity and Upheaval: The World Economy 1945–1980
(London, 1986), table 30.

76
. Ibid., p. 451.

77
. For these estimates, D. Filtzer,
Soviet Workers and Late Stalinism: Labour and the Restoration of the Stalinist System after World War Two
(Cambridge, 2002), p. 13.

78
. Ibid., p. 246.

79
. Ibid., p. 25.

80
. See P. Gregory,
The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives
(Cambridge, 2004), pp. 243–4.

81
. L. Sondhaus,
Navies in the Modern World
(London, 2004), p. 242.

82
. See memo by Secretary of State Rusk for President Kennedy, 1 Feb. 1961, in
FRUS 1961–63
, vol. 20:
The Congo Crisis
(Washington, 1994).

83
. D. Holden and R. Johns,
The House of Saud
(London, 1981), pp. 232–41.

84
. B. Pockney, ‘Soviet Trade with the Third World', in E. J. Feuchtwanger and P. Nailor (eds.),
The Soviet Union and the Third World
(London, 1981), pp. 70,72–3.

85
. S. Bruchey,
Enterprise: The Dynamic Economy of a Free People
(London, 1990), p. 509.

86
. For an account of this K. Dawisha, ‘The Soviet Union in the Middle East', in Feuchtwanger and Nailor (eds.),
The Soviet Union and the Third World
, pp. 123–6.

87
. See C. Legum,
After Angola: The War over Southern Africa
(London, 1976).

88
.
The Times
, 10 October 1980.

89
. P. Lettow,
Ronald Reagan and his Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
(New York, 2005), p. 127. The speaker was George Shultz, Secretary of State 1982–9.

90
. Military spending in sub-Saharan Africa was0.7 per cent of GNP in 1960, but five times higher by 1990 (
The Times
, 28 June 1993, p. 42). For a more general discussion, W. J. Foltz and H. Bienen,
Arms and the African: Military Influences on Africa's International Relations
(New Haven, 1985).

91
. See ‘Britain Joins SE Asia Exercise as Fears of Soviet Naval Power Grow',
The Times
, 7 May 1985; Sondhaus,
Navies in the Modern World
, p. 262.

92
. See G. I. Khanin, ‘The 1950s – the Triumph of the Soviet Economy',
Europe–Asia Studies
55, 8 (2003), pp. 1187–1218; H. Ticktin, ‘Soviet Studies and the Collapse of the USSR: In Defence of Marxism', in M. Cox (ed.),
Rethinking the Soviet Collapse
(London, 1998), p. 89.

93
. See Robert J. Art,
A Grand Strategy for America
(London, 2003), pp. 20–26.

94
. S. L. Engerman and R. E. Gallman (eds.),
The Cambridge Economic History of the United States
, vol. 3:
The Twentieth Century
(Cambridge, 2000), pp. 959–60.

95
. Gorbachev's programme can be followed in the series of speeches published as
Perestroika
(English trans. London, 1987).

96
. A sentiment expressed at its bluntest in F. Fukuyama's
The End of History and the Last Man
(New York, 1993), the core of which had been published as an article in 1989.

97
. See Z. Brzezinski,
The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Implications
(New York, 1997). The influence of earlier writers, especially the British geographer Halford Mackinder, is patent.

98
. See Martin Koskenniemi,
The Gentle Civiliser of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960
(Cambridge, 2002).

99
. For a representative example of this ‘anti-empire' literature, see Chalmers Johnson,
The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy and the End of the Republic
(New York, 2004).

100
. Actually29.5 per cent. Japan's share was 14 per cent, China's3.4. See B. Posen, ‘Command of the Commons: The Military Foundations of US Hegemony',
International Security
28, 1 (2003), p. 10, n.14.

101
. The principal argument of Posen, ‘Command of the Commons'.

102
. See V. De Grazia,
Irresistible Empire: America's Advance through Twentieth-Century Europe
(Cambridge, Mass., 2005).

1
. This is the argument in J. Diamond,
Guns, Germs and Steel
(London, 1997).

2
. The idea of ‘informal empire' was developed by J. Gallagher and R. Robinson in a famous essay, ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade',
Economic History Review
, New Series,6, 1 (1953), pp. 1–15.

3
. The role of vested interests in producing stagnation is set out by M. Olson in
The Rise and Fall of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation and Social Rigidities
(New Haven, 1982).

4
. R. Kipling, ‘Recessional' (1897).

5
. See B. Ersanli, ‘The Empire in the Historiography of the Kemalist Era', in F. Adanir and S. Faroqhi (eds.),
The Ottomans and the Balkans: A Discussion of Historiography
(Leiden, 2002), pp. 115–54.

6
. See S. Deringil,
The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909
(London, 1999).

7
. C. A. Bayly,
Origins of Nationality in South Asia: Patriotism and Ethical Government in the Making of Modern India
(New Delhi, 1998), chs.1–4.

8
. The leading exponents of this view are D. O. Flynn and A. Giraldez. See their ‘Path Dependence, Time Lags and the Birth of Globalisation',
European Economic History Review
8 (2004), pp. 81–108.

9
. For the insistence upon the nineteenth-century origins of globalization, K. H. O'Rourke and J. G. Williamson, ‘Once More: When Did Globalisation Begin?',
European Economic History Review
8 (2004), pp. 109–17.

10
. See ‘Growth and Development Trends 1960–2005', in
United Nations World Economic and Social Survey 2006
, p. 5, consulted at
http://www.un.org/esa/policy/wess/wess2006files/chap1.pdf
.

11
. See K. Sugihara (ed.),
Japan, China, and the Growth of the Asian International Economy, 1850–1949
(Oxford, 2005), ‘Introduction', p. 5.

12
. See R. Findlay and K. H. O'Rourke,
Commodity Market Integration, 1500–2000
, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper (Boston, 2001), table3.

This is not intended as a full bibliography of the sources used in this book. The details of these can be found in the notes and references that accompany each chapter. What is offered here is a selection of the books and articles that I have found especially useful, or interesting, and which will allow the interested reader to pursue further the ideas and topics that I have discussed all too briefly.

W. H.
McNeill,
The Rise of the West
(Chicago, 1964) remains the grandest attempt thus far to write a history of the world in a single huge volume. Much of it deals with the world before 1500. It abounds with insights, and its conclusions remain thought-provoking. Some of McNeill's key ideas can be followed in his Europe's Steppe Frontier (London, 1974) and
Plagues and Peoples
(London, 1976), which analyses the importance of epidemic disease as a historical force. Fernand Braudel,
Civilisation and Capitalism 15th to 18th Century
, in three volumes (Eng. trans. London, 1981–4), is a panoptic view of economic and social patterns across the early modern world. E. L. Jones,
The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia
(Cambridge, 1981) and Kenneth Pomeranz,
The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy
(Princeton, 2000) present (partly) conflicting explanations of Europe's economic primacy. Marshall G. S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam
(3vols., Chicago, 1974) and his
Rethinking World History: Essays on Europe, Islam and World History
(Cambridge, 1993), both published posthumously, offer a perspective on world history with the Islamic world, not Europe, at the centre.

Owen Lattimore,
The Inner Asian Frontiers of China
(New York, 1940) replaced an oceanic, maritime and Western view of Chinese history with one
that emphasized its Inner Asian imperatives. Like Hodgson and McNeill, Lattimore stresses the interaction of settled and nomadic peoples, a theme most brilliantly analysed by the Islamic historian Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), whose
Muqadimmah: An Introduction to History
was written in 1377 and translated into English in 195 8 (there was an earlier translation into French).P. S. Khoury and J. Kostiner (eds.),
Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East
(London, 1990) applies Khaldunian ideas to modern Middle East history.

Amid a mass of writing on the impact of Europe's expansion on other cultures and peoples, Eric Wolf's
Europe and the Peoples without History
(London, 1982) stands out, partly for the anthropological insights that inform it. Readers in search of a general account of European imperialism will find nothing to equal the ideas contained in J. Gallagher and R. Robinson, ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade',
Economic History Review
, New Series, 6, 1 (1953), pp. 1–15.

A dazzling account of the origins of medieval Eurasia is P. Brown,
The World of Late Antiquity
(London, 1971). R. W. Southern,
The Making of the Middle Ages
(London, 1953) remains the most entrancing introduction to the history of early medieval Europe. G. Duby,
The Early Growth of the European Economy
(1973; Eng. trans. Ithaca, NY, 1974) should now be compared with C. Wickham,
Framing the Early Middle Ages
(Oxford, 2005).R. Bartlett,
The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonisation and Cultural Change
950–1350 (London, 1993) and R. Fletcher,
The Conversion of Europe
(London, 1997) describe the making of Christian Europe. J. Abu-Lughod,
Before European Hegemony: The World System 1250–1350
(New York, 1989) and Marshall G. S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam
(3 vols., Chicago, 1974) present non-Eurocentric views of medieval Eurasia. A. Wink,
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
, vol. 1:
Early Mediaeval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries
(Leiden, 1996), A. Hourani,
A History of the Arab Peoples
(London, 1991) and D. Pipes,
Slave Soldiers and Islam
(New Haven and London, 1981) examine the world of medieval Islam. M. Elvin,
The Pattern of the Chinese Past
(London, 1973), A. Waldron,
The Great Wall: From History to Myth
(Cambridge, 1990) and J. A. Fogel,
Politics and Sinology
:
The Case of Naito Konan
, 1866–1934 (Cambridge, Mass., 1984) offer key insights. E. O. Reischauer and J. K. Fairbank, East Asia:
The Great Tradition
(Boston, 1958) is still a good starting point. V. Lieberman, Strange Parallels:
Southeast Asia in Global
Context
c.800–1830 (Cambridge, 2003) is a fascinating exercise in comparative history.

F. Braudel,
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
(1966; Eng. trans. 2 vols., London, 1972–3) is a work of astonishing artistry, a revelation of how history can be written. C. Cipolla,
European Culture and Overseas Expansion
(London, 1970) examines a key issue. J. D. Tracy (ed.),
The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade 1350–1750
(Cambridge, 1991) contains a number of fascinating essays. For Portuguese expansion, S. Subrahmanyam,
Vasco da Gama
(London, 1997), and the same writer's
The Portuguese Empire in Asia 1500–1700
(London, 1993); for Spanish, H. Kamen,
Spain's Road to Empire: The Making of a World Power
(London, 2002). The less familiar story of Russian expansion can be followed in G. V. Lantzeff and R. A. Pierce,
Eastward to Empire
(Montreal and London, 1973), W. C. Fuller,
Strategy and Power in Russia, 1600–1914
(New York, 1992), M. Khodarkovsky,
Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire 1500–1800
(Bloomington, Ind., 2002) and A. S. Donnelly,
The Russian Conquest of Bashkiria 1552–1740
(New Haven and London, 1968).

For the Islamic world of ‘Middle Eurasia', H. Inalcik with D. Quataert (eds.),
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1914
(Cambridge, 1994), H. Inalcik,
The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300–1600
(London, 1973), C. Kafadar,
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State
(Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1995), M. Kunt and C. Woodhead,
Suleiman the Magnificent and his Age
(London, 1995), P. Jackson and W. Lockhart (eds.),
The Cambridge History of Iran
, vol. 6:
The Timurid and Safavid Periods
(Cambridge, 1986), J. F. Richards,
The Mughal Empire
(Cambridge, 1993) and S. A. M. Adshead,
Central Asia in World History
(London, 1993).